Continuum mechanics approaches have been used to model the mechanical behaviour of biological (and active) systems at length scales that are large enough.
Membrane fouling – the deposition of organic and inorganic matter on the membrane surface – is a major technical obstacle affecting membrane-based water treatment processes.
Unreinforced masonry (URM) load-bearing walls were commonly used in historic buildings but are weak in shear and vulnerable to cracking and damage during seismic events.
To date, there has been limited investigation of how the differences between assumed and foreseeable conditions translate into the potential for extended operating lifetime of structures.
Water scarcity is one of the grand challenges of our time. With less than 1% of the available water supply in the form of drinking water, new materials and technologies are needed to tap unconvent
Hydrophobic granular soils are under investigation for constructing roads on frost-susceptible soils in China and the US, in preference to cementitious stabilisation.